Larsen is an internationally known authority on bioarchaeology, the study of human remains from archaeological settings. His research is primarily focussed on biocultural adaptation in the last 10,000 years of human evolution, with particular emphasis on the history of health, well-being, and lifestyle. He has directed or co-directed field and lab-based research programs in North America, Italy, and Turkey. Larsen is the co-director of the Global History of Health Project, an international collaboration involved in the study of ancient skeletons from all continents in order to track health changes since the late Paleolithic. He is the author of numerous scientific articles and has authored or edited 35 books and monographs, including Bioarchaeology: Interpreting Behavior from the Human Skeleton (Cambridge University Press), Skeletons in Our Closet: Revealing Our Past through Bioarchaeology (Princeton University Press), and Bioarchaeology of Spanish Florida: The Impact of Colonialism (University Press of Florida). He is the founding editor of the book series, Bioarchaeological Interpretations of the Human Past, with the University Press of Florida. His Our Origins: Discovering Physical Anthropology, is the leading textbook in physical anthropology and is in its fourth edition.